ENGLISH TENSES - TENSIS BAHASA INGGRIS LENGKAP BESERTA PENJELASANNYA

VERB TENSES

Apakah yang dimaksud dengan tenses dalam bahasa Inggris? Jika diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia, arti dari kata tense adalah tegang. Maka tenses artinya tegang-tegang? Tentu bukan itu maksudnya. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa yang fleksibel. Artinya satu kata bisa memiliki banyak makna yang berbeda-beda. Tense disini diartikan waktu.

Jadi, Verb Tenses artinya perubahan kata kerja berdasarkan waktu. Waktu apa? Waktu terjadinya suatu aktivitas maupun fenomena tertentu.

Inilah perbedaan yang paling mendasar antara tata bahasa Indonesia dengan tata bahasa Inggris. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kita tidak perlu mengubah kata kerja saat mengatakan hal yang sama pada waktu yang berbeda, entah itu kemarin, sekarang, maupun dimasa yang akan datang. Contoh: Saya pergi ke mall kemarin; Saya pergi ke mall sekarang; Saya pergi ke mall besok.

Sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja akan berubah mengikuti waktu kejadiannya. Contoh: I went to mall yesterday; I go to mall every week; I am going to mall now. Yang perlu digarisbawahi disini adalah, kita tidak perlu menghafaklan rumus atau formula tenses yang sering kita jumpai pada buku-buku grammar bahasa Inggris. Yang terpenting adalah membiasakan diri menggunakan berbagai tenses yang berbeda-beda. Jika kita sering menggunakannya, maka lama kelamaan anda akan terbiasa dan hafal dengan sendirinya. Inilah yang disebut dengan over-learning.

Pada bab ini, anda diharapkan dapat memahami dan menguasai tenses bahasa Inggris, sehingga anda akan merasa lebih percaya diri karena anda dapat menggunakan bahasa Inggris secara baik dan benar.

Pelajari contoh-contoh kalimat dalam tenses yang berbeda-beda pada tabel berikut ini. Perhatikan perbedaan dan indikasi untuk setiap contoh tense agar anda memiliki gambaran serta pemahaman dasar sebagai pondasi untuk mempelajarinya lebih lanjut.

SIMPLE TENSES

Present Simple Mike studies English every day. Mike belajar bahasa Inggris setiap hari. Past Simple Mike studied English last night. Mike belajar bahasa Inggris tadi malam. Future Simple Mike will study English tonight. Mike akan belajar bahasa Inggris nanti malam.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Present Progressive Mike is studying English right now. Mike sedang belajar bahasa Inggris saat ini. Past Progressive Mike was studying English when I visited him yesterday. Mike sedang belajar bahasa Inggris ketika saya mengunjunginya kemarin. Future Progressive Mike will be studying English tonight. Mike sedang akan belajar bahasa inggris nanti malam.

PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect Mike has studied English. Mike telah belajar bahasa Inggris. Past Perfect Mike had studied English before watching TV. Mike telah belajar bahasa Inggris sebelum menonton TV. Future Perfect Mike will have studied English by 21.00 tonight. Mike akan sudah belajar bahasa Inggris sebelum jam 9 nanti malam.

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Present Perfect Progressive Mike has been studying English for 2 hours. Mike telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 2 jam. Past Perfect Progressive Mike had been studying English for 2 hours when I visited him yesterday. Mike telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 2 jam ketika saya mengunjunginya kemarin. Future Perfect Progressive Mike will have been studying for 2 hours when I visit him at 21.00 tonight. Mike akan telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 2 jam ketika saya mengunjunginya pada jam 9 nanti malam.

SIMPLE TENSES
(Bentuk Sederhana)

Simple bermakna sederhana, artinya simple tenses ini adalah bentuk paling sederhana dan paling sering digunakan dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris sehari-hari. Simple tenses terdiri dari : present simple, past simple & future simple

·      Present Simple

Present simple atau bentuk waktu sekarang sederhana dapat digunakan untuk menungukapkan aktivitas yang dilakukan berulang-ulang (habitual activity), fakta dan pendapat (fact and statement), kondisi saat ini (present condition), dsb.

Habitual Activity:

§  We study English every day.

§  My dad comes home at 19.00 every night.

§  The class starts at 07.00  every morning.

Fact :

§  The earth is round.

§  The sun rises and sets every single day.

Statement :

§  I am a doctor.

§  My mom is sick.

§  I think you are tired.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I study.	I don’t study.	Do I study?
You study.	You don’t study.	Do you study?
We study.	We don’t study.	Do we study?
They study.	They don’t study.	Do they study?
He studies.	He doesn’t study.	Does he study?
She studies	She doesn’t study	Does she study?
It studies	It doesn’t study	Does it study?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I am hungry.	I am not hungry.	Am I hungry?
You are hungry.	You aren’t hungry.	Are you hungry?
We are hungry.	We aren’t hungry.	Are we hungry?
They are hungry.	They aren’t hungry.	Are they hungry?
He is hungry.	He isn’t hungry.	Is he hungry?
She is hungry.	She isn’t hungry.	Is she hungry?
It is hungry.	It isn’t hungry.	Is it hungry?

Abbreviations

don’t               è         do not

doesn’t            è         does not

am not             è         am not

arent’               è         are not

isn’t                  è         is not

·      Past Simple

Past simple (lampau sederhana) digunakan untuk mengungkapkan ativitas atau fenomena yang terjadi di waktu lampau dan bersifat sederhana.

Simple past activity:

§  I studied English last night.

§  I went to Paris last month.

§  Belinda visited her sister last month.

§  We moved to the new office 2 years ago.

Simple past condition:

§  Mrs. Jane was a teacher in 1992.

§  You were homeless in the past.

§  Jack was not well yesterday.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I studied.	I didn’t study.	Did I study?
You studied.	You didn’t study.	Did you study?
We studied.	We didn’t study.	Did we study?
They studied.	They didn’t study.	Did they study?
He studied.	He didn’t study.	Did he study?
She studied.	She didn’t study	Did she study?
It studied.	It didn’t study	Did it study?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Adjective / adverb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I was fine.	I wasn’t fine.	Was I fine?
You were fine.	You weren’t fine.	Were you fine?
We were fine.	We weren’t fine.	Were we fine?
They were fine.	They weren’t fine.	Were they fine?
He was fine.	He wasn’t  fine.	Was he fine?
She was fine.	She wasn’t fine.	Was she fine?
It was fine.	It wasn’t fine.	Was it fine?

Abbreviations

didn’t               è         did not

wasn’t              è         was not

weren’t            è         were not

·      Future Simple

Sama halnya seperti present simple dan past simple, future simple menjelaskan kejadian dan aktivitas di masa depan secara sederhana.

Simple future activity:

§  I will work in Paris next year.

§  I will not go to Paris tomorrow.

§  I am going to lock the door.

Simple future condition:

§  The prices will be more expensive next week.

§  I will be busy this afternoon.

Note:

be going to dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti will dan memiliki arti yang sama yakni “akan”. Namun maknanya menjadi berbeda jika konteksnya berubah.

Rencana          è         I am going to have dinner tonight.
                                    She is going to go on vacation next week.
                                    The meeting is going to start at 07.00.

Bersedia           è         I will have dinner with you if you pick me at home.
                                    I will lock the door if you mind.
                                    The dog will not eat the grass.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I will study.	I won’t study.	Will I study?
You will study.	You won’t study.	Will you study?
We will study.	We won’t study.	Will we study?
They will study.	They won’t study.	Will they study?
He will study.	He won’t study.	Will he study?
She will study.	She won’t study.	Will she study?
It will study.	It won’t study.	Will it study?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Adjective / adverb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I will be fine.	I won’t be fine.	Will I be fine?
You will be fine.	You won’t be fine.	Will you be fine?
We will be fine.	We won’t be fine.	Will we be fine?
They will be fine.	They won’t be fine.	Will they be fine?
He will be fine.	He won’t be fine.	Will he be fine?
She will be fine.	She won’t be fine.	Will she be fine?
It will be fine.	It won’t be fine.	Will it be fine?

Abbreviations:

won’t                           è         will not
gonna (informal)         è         going to

PROGRESSIVE TENSES
(Sedang berlangsung)

Progressive / Continuous Tenses adalah bentuk tenses yang mengindikasikan suatu aktivitas atau persitiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat lampau (past), saat sekarang (present), dan di masa depan (future).

·      Present Progressive

Present progressive / present continous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aktivitas atau kejadian yang terjadi sekarang pada saat berbicara.

Ongoing activity (present):

§  I am learning English.

§  They are working on a new project.

§  She is writing a letter.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I am studying.	I am not studying.	Am I studying?
You are studying.	You aren’t studying.	Are you studying?
We are studying.	We aren’t studying.	Are we studying?
They are studying.	They aren’t studying.	Are they studying?
He is studying.	He isn’t studying.	Is he studying?
She is studying.	She isn’t studying.	Is she studying?
It is studying.	It isn’t studying.	Is it studying?

·      Past Progressive

Tense ini mengindikasikan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung, namun terjadi di waktu lampau. Past progressive / past continuous menginformasikan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau.

Ongoing activity (pas)t:

§  I was learning English when my mom came home last night.

§  Professor Austin was teaching when I called him yesterday.

§  My parents were talking about me when I saw them last night.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I was studying.	I wasn’t studying.	Was I studying?
You were studying.	You weren’t studying.	Were you studying?
We were studying.	We weren’t studying.	Were we studying?
They were studying.	They weren’t studying.	Were they studying?
He was studying.	He wasn’t studying.	Was he studying?
She was studying.	She wasn’t studying.	Was she studying?
It was studying.	It wasn’t studying.	Was it studying?

·      Future Progressive

Future progressive tense mengungkapkan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi di masa depan.

Ongoing activity (future):

§  I will be going to the hospital at 7.00.

§  Olive will be working in the office next month.

§  We will be discussing this topic today.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I will be studying.	I won’t be studying.	Will I be studying?
You will be studying.	You won’t be studying.	Will you be studying?
We will be studying.	We won’t be studying.	Will we be studying?
They will be studying.	They won’t be studying.	Will they be studying?
He will be studying.	He won’t be studying.	Will he be studying?
She will be studying.	She won’t be studying.	Will she be studying?
It will be studying.	It won’t be studying.	Will it be studying?

PERFECT TENSES
(Telah Selesai)

Perfect tenses mengungkapkan aktivitas yang telah selesai. Perfect tenses terdiri dari 3 bentuk yakni present perfect (telah selesai), past perfect (telah selesai sebelum aktivitas lain), dan future perfect (akan selesai).

·      Present Perfect

Present perfect tense menjelaskan aktivitas yang telah selesai dan hanya menitikberatkan pada aktivitas tersebut.

Completed activity (present):

§  I have finished my job.

§  Mr. Bryan has paid the bill.

§  The rain has stopped.

Completed condition (present):

§  I have been here.

§  Jane has been in the room.

§  It has been hot.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I have studied.	I haven’t studied.	Have I studied?
You have studied.	You haven’t studied.	Have you studied?
We have studied.	We haven’t studied.	Have we studied?
They have studied.	They haven’t studied.	Have they studied?
He has studied.	He hasn’t studied.	Has he studied?
She has studied.	She hasn’t studied.	Has she studied?
It has studied.	It hasn’t studied.	Has it studied?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I have been here.	I haven’t been here.	Have I been here?
You have been here.	You haven’t been here.	Have you been here?
We have been here.	We haven’t been here.	Have we been here?
They have been here.	They haven’t been here.	Have they been here?
He has been here.	He hasn’t been here.	Has he been here?
She has been here.	She hasn’t been here.	Has she been here?
It has been here.	It hasn’t been here.	Has it been here?

Abbreviations:

haven’t            è         have not

haven’t been  è         have not been

hasn’t              è         has not

hasn’t been     è         has not been

·      Past Perfect

Past perfect tense dipakai ketika kita ingin mengunkapkan aktivitas yang telah selesai sebelum memulai aktivitas lain. Tense ini menegaskan bahwa suatu pekerjaan atau kejadian telah selesai sebelum melakukan pekerjaan lain atau kejadian lain terjadi.

Dari sini kita dapat melihat perbedaannya jika dibandingkan dengan present perfect, dimana present perfect hanya menerangkan suatu aktivitas yang telah selesai – sedangkan past perfect menerangkan aktivitas yang lain.

Completed activity (past):

§  I had studied before watching TV.

§  Fiona had brushed her teeth before sleeping.

§  The man had escaped before arresred.

Completed condition (past):

§  I had been sick before playing football.

§  He had been healthy before going to doctor.

§  The professor had been in the class before students came.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I had studied.	I had not studied.	Had I studied?
You had studied.	You had not studied.	Had you studied?
We had studied.	We had not studied.	Had we studied?
They had studied.	They had not studied.	Had they studied?
He had studied.	He had not studied.	Had he studied?
She had studied.	She had not studied.	Had she studied?
It had studied.	It had not studied.	Had it studied?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I had been here.	I had not been here.	Had I been here?
You had been here.	You had not been here.	Had you been here?
We had been here.	We had not been here.	Had we been here?
They had been here.	They had not been here.	Had they been here?
He had been here.	He had not been here.	Had he been here?
She had been here.	She had not been here.	Had she been here?
It had been here.	It had not been here.	Had it been here?

·      Future Perfect

Future perfect tense digunakan ketika kita ingin menginformasikan bahwa suatu pekerjaan atau kejadian akan sudah selesai pada waktu tertentu dimasa depan.

Completed activity (future):

§  I will have finished the job next month.

§  They will have resigned next year.

§  My son will have graduated by 2023.

Completed condition (future):

§  I will have been there by 19.00.

§  You will have been late for the class.

§  Jack will have been on the beach

§  when I got there.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + Verb)
Positif Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negatif Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I’ll have studied.	I will haven’t studied.	Will I have studied?
You’ll have studied.	You will haven’t studied.	Will you have studied?
We’ll have studied.	We will haven’t studied.	Will we have studied?
They’ll have studied.	They will haven’t studied.	Will they have studied?
He’ll have studied.	He will haven’t studied.	Will he have studied?
She’ll have studied.	She will haven’t studied.	Will she have studied?
It’ll have studied.	It will haven’t studied.	Will it have studied?

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Positive Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negative Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I’ll have been here.	I’ll haven’t been here.	Will I have been here?
You’ll have been here.	You’ll haven’t been here.	Will you have been here?
We’ll have been here.	We’ll haven’t been here.	Will we have been here?
They’ll have been here.	They’ll haven’t been here.	Will they have been here?
He’ll have been here.	He’ll haven’t been here.	WIll he have been here?
She’ll have been here.	She’ll haven’t been here.	Will she have been here?
It’ll have been here.	It’ll haven’t been here.	Will it have been here?

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

(Berbicara durasi)

Perfect progressive mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas yang sedang terjadi, namun penekananya ialah pada durasi aktivitas tersebut.

·      Present Perfect Progressive

Tense ini digunakan jika kita ingin mengatakan durasi suatu aktivitas yang sedang terjadi diwaktu sekarang.

Duration (present):

§  I have been studying for 3 hours.

§  It has been raining all day.

§  Kim has been in Bali for 2 days.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Positive Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negative Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I have been studying for 2 hours.	I haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Have I been studying for 2 hours?
You have been studying for 2 hours.	You haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Have you been studying for 2 hours?
We have been studying for 2 hours.	We haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Have we been studying for 2 hours?
They have been studying for 2 hours.	They haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Have they been studying for 2 hours?
He has been studying for 2 hours.	He hasn’t been studying for 2 hours.	Has he been studying for 2 hours?
She has been studying for 2 hours.	She hasn’t been studying for 2 hours.	Has she been studying for 2 hours?
It has been studying for 2 hours.	It hasn’t been studying for 2 hours.	Has it been studying for 2 hours?

·      Past Perfect Progressive

Tense ini digunakan jika kita ingin mengatakan durasi suatu aktivitas yang sedang terjadi diwaktu lampau.

Duration (past):

§  I had been studying for 3 hours before my dad came.

§  It had been raining all day before I got home.

§  Kim had been in Bali for 2 days befor I saw him.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Positive Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negative Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I had been studying for 2 hours.	I had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had I been studying for 2 hours?
You had been studying for 2 hours.	You had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had you been studying for 2 hours?
We had been studying for 2 hours.	We had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had we been studying for 2 hours?
They had been studying for 2 hours.	They had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had they been studying for 2 hours?
He had been studying for 2 hours.	He had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had he been studying for 2 hours?
She had been studying for 2 hours.	She had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had she been studying for 2 hours?
It had as been studying for 2 hours.	It had not been studying for 2 hours.	Had it been studying for 2 hours?

·      Future Perfect Progressive

Tense ini digunakan jika kita ingin mengatakan durasi suatu aktivitas yang sedang terjadi di masa depan.

Duration (future)

§  I will have been studying for 3 hours before my dad come.

§  Kim will have been in Bali for 2 days before I see him.

Verb Conjugations (Subject + adjective / adverb)
Positive Sentence / Kalimat Positif	Negative Sentence / Kalimat Negatif	Interogative Sentence / Kalimat Tanya
I will have been studying for 2 hours.	I will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Will I have been studying for 2 hours?
You will have been studying for 2 hours.	You will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	WIll you have been studying for 2 hours?
We will have been studying for 2 hours.	We will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	WIll we have been studying for 2 hours?
They will have been studying for 2 hours.	They will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Will they have been studying for 2 hours?
He will have been studying for 2 hours.	He will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Will he have been studying for 2 hours?
She will have been studying for 2 hours.	She will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	Will she have been studying for 2 hours?
It will have as been studying for 2 hours.	It will haven’t been studying for 2 hours.	WIll it have been studying for 2 hours?